Why Did Alexander Invade the Persian Territory Essay Example

Why Did Alexander Invade the Persian Territory Paper HST 225- 01-TRACEY MARTIN -042267773â€Å"ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE HELLENISTIC AGE. †Why did Alexander invade the Persian territory? The question on why Alexander invaded the Persian territory has only been guessed at by historians in the past. The true reason why, may never be known. What is known however is the fact that Alexander had continued what many before him had done, invade the Persian territory. Rome and Parthia, had first clashed after Pompey had annexed the Syrian rump of the Seleucid empire in 64B. C. , then there was Crassus in 53B. C. , who was governor of Syria at the time, and was eager for glory, only to be destroyed by the Parthian horse arches. Then after Crassus we know there was also Caesar, who had planned an invasion only to be assassinated before he was able to see his plans take place. We know that even Alexander’s father Phillip, had planned an invasion of the Persian territory prior to his death, which could be seen as a reason behind Alexander’s decision to invade. Alexander had admired his father Phillip, and was known to be loyal to his father’s intentions, with his father wanting to reclaim the cities which had been lost to them. Alexander himself, would have wanted to accomplish the same. By reclaiming the cities, he also would have succeeded not only in rebuilding the empire, but also fulfilling one of his father’s intentions, and in his own mind, making up for his previous errors. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did Alexander Invade the Persian Territory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did Alexander Invade the Persian Territory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did Alexander Invade the Persian Territory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Other factor’s were also considered to be behind Alexander’s invasion, such as, the fact that there was still a lot of bitter feelings from the cities that had been burnt by the Persian’s years before, along with wanting to claim the trading routes to the east, all which were considered to be strong motivations behind his reasons for invading the Persian territory. Persia has always been considered one of the richest empires at the time, trading routes and financial gain was always a strong motive for invasion. Even with peace treaties worked out with neighbouring empires, it never took long for a reason to warrant an invasion. It is also believed that Alexander’s financial position at the time was a contributing factor to his invasion of the Persian territory. Although, it is reported that Alexander had inherited gold mines, it is also reported that Alexander also inherited debts. Where we have Quintus Curtius, who goes onto state that Alexander was reported as saying that the entire royal assets were no-more than 60 talents at a time. Where according to Plutarch, Alexander was reported to have given most of his estates away in Macedonia. Plutarch even goes on to quote Aristobulus as stating that Alexander had no more than 70 talents to provision his army with. Even though Alexander had inherited the gold mines that did indeed supply him with a good income flow, the cost to Alexander running armies the size he had was quite expensive, which explains the writers as all agreeing that Alexander was in a poor financial situation at the time of the invasion of the Asia Minor, where it is implied by Durius, that the funds Alexander had, was only enough to last for a period of 30 days for supplies. Both Plutarch and Arrian agree that Alexander has indeed amassed a considerable debt, just with the upkeep of keeping his army functioning. The differences with the two accounts, is basically stated by Plutarch, who admits to using multiple sources for the information he has obtained following Alexander. Arrian, more than likely had used many of the same sources as Plutarch to gather a majority of his information. With Alexander’s father’s death, which Alexander quickly ascended to the throne of Macedonian, he had to quickly dispose of all of his enemies by ordering their exercusions, his father’s death had caused a lot of rebellion with the conquered nation, in which the Greeks had also seen as a chance for independence. Alexander was forced to act quickly to gain control, by the end of 336B. C, there was no choice but to except Alexander’s authority. Alexander had become enraged when rumors of his death had reached him, and he found out a major revolt had engulfed the nation. Alexander was quick in covering the 240 miles, and was quick in letting them know that he was still in fact alive, and that it wasn’t too late for them to cahance their minds. Since his father’s death, everything seemed to move quickly for Alexander, and even with all that was going on around him, and his financial situation, there may not have been any other option left open to him than to invade the Persian territory. One thing that we do know about the invasion is, the writers all tend to agree that it was around the spring. When learning about Alexander and his invasion of the Persian territory, it became a puzzle working out the different information supplied by the ancient writers on the reasons why he invaded along with the number of the infantry involved with many other aspects involved. We are told in Arrian,30,000 infantry, including light troops and archers and over 5,000 cavalry were used. Diodorus who (17. 17) gives a list of Alexander’s forces after the crossing into Asia totaling 32,000 infantry and 5,100 cavalry. The higher number for infantry (43,000; 40,000) as they state the extra number involved may have included the troops who were in Asia. As for the inconsistency in the number of the infantry and the cavalry involved used is unknown. One reason the writers may have accounted for this, could be how each leader that came, would either add to their numbers or divide their numbers and assigned them to different sections in need of protection, even though when reading Arrian, in the footnotes 38, an explanation for the discrepancy in numbers is explained as the possibility of the numbers in Asia at the time may have been included in the calculation of all involved in Alexander’s campaign. As for the reason why Alexander invaded Persian territory, is only one, that historians can guess at from the many accounts that have been written. However, Polybius makes the better assumption in Polybius, 111. 6, One thing that can’t be argued is that Alexander had proven himself to be not only a great military, but a great leader in general. [ 1 ]. Quintus Curtius: 10. 2. 24 [ 2 ]. Plutarch doc 3a â€Å" in Austin† pg-27. [ 3 ]. Plutarch doc 3a [ 4 ]. Arrian 7. 8-9 [ 5 ]. http//www. historyofmacedonia. org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat. html. cited 12/6/2011 [ 6 ]. Arrian, 1. 11. 3 â€Å"states, the start of the next campaigning season†, which according to Arrian 1. 10 ( footnote 32) The Great Mysteries of Demeter were celebrated at Eleusis from the 15th to the 23rd of the Attic month Boedromion, corresponding to Sep/ Oct. 7 ]. Arrian 11:37-38 [ 8 ]. Arrian ( footnote 38) [ 9 ]. Polybius, 111. 6 pg23-24. Arrian, â€Å" The Reign of Alexander. †BIOGRAPHIES:Ancient sources. Quintus CurtiusPlutarchArrianPolybiusModern;Austin,M. (2ND ED. 1994) The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest† The reign of Alexander . ( Cambridge university press)http/www. historyofmacedonia. org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat. html. cited 12/6/2011

How to Make a Sample Winning Common App Essay

How to Make a Sample Winning Common App EssayOne of the easiest ways to get more exposure is by creating a sample winning common app essay. It takes less than an hour to create a winning common app essay, and the more essay you create the better chance you have of winning free cash prizes for writing online contests. Here's how to do it.First you need to find online forums. All forums will have people there that want to do online competitions, such as contests for writing samples. But forums are also great places to go to see if there are any contests that people are doing to get more exposure. Forums tend to be more open about what they're doing. This can be a great place to find what contests are going on.If you don't have a lot of time you can always buy books on online contests. It would be easier to buy one book on how to write a winning common app essay if you could buy 100 different books on how to write a winning common app essay. However this does not work very well because you may already know how to write one. Therefore if you want to go this route, you need to spend a little more money.Another option would be to look online for other people's blogs that offer free contests. There are lots of people online that offer free writing samples. If you find out about this kind of thing on the internet and apply, you can have a great chance of getting some free cash.When you start writing your essay, you'll need to make sure that it is not overly complicated. You want to try to keep the words to the minimum so that it won't take that long to read. You want to try to use easy language. Writing that way will also make it a lot easier to read the essay.The rules are set up when you submit your essay. You can either just be descriptive or you can add a few tips to the essay. You may also add notes in the resource box at the end of the essay.Whatever you choose, the one thing that will work best is to find a couple of online communities where people are writing a nd submitting essays on a regular basis. These will give you plenty of examples and you can use the results to make a sample winning common app essay of your own.

The origination of Mathmatics in Ancient Greece

The origination of Mathmatics in Ancient Greece Free Online Research Papers Thesis Statement: The development of mathematics in the ancient world, at one time traced back to the ancient Greeks, is now understood to have originated with the Mesopotamians and Egyptians whose mathematical systems reveal both striking similarities and important differences in form, usage, and cultural significance. Campbell-Kelly, Martin, Mary Croarken, Raymond Flood, and Eleanor Robson. The History of Mathematical Tables. NY: Oxford University Press, 2003. From primary sources, the authors ascertain that the ancient Mesopotamians rarely expressed their mathematical equations and information in tables though the form has existed in writing for over 4500 years. Rather, they typically wrote them in the form of lists. They relate this to the fact that the sexagesimal place value system had not yet been developed. Even upon its development in the eighteenth century BCE, it is estimated that it was still only used in a small percentage of documents. By contrast, in scientific and mathematical developments over the last 500 years, tables have been instrumental in advancements and communicative styles. Friberg, J. Unexpected links between Egyptian and Babylonian Mathematics. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2005. Friberg explains the modern sources of information regarding both Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics and she discusses their similarities in depth. Ancient Mesopotamian texts include a very well established number of texts recorded from clay tablets which had been carved using the cuneiform script, dating from the second millennium B.C. Ancient Egyptian texts stem from a lesser number of original sets of papyrus texts from three different time periods. Friberg then explores the extensive similarities between particular texts, such as the presence of geometric progressions in both Babylonian and Egyptian sources. The presence of metric algebra, similar division reasoning, other types of geometry, and the mathematical roots of economics are all addressed with thourough analyses of the various texts. Katz, Victor J. and Annette Imhausen. The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. Katz begins by discussing the former Western bias regarding mathematical history and the more recent advances in understandings as a result of archaeological finds in different parts of the ancient world. In chapter one, the history of Egyptian mathematics is discussed with the emphasis on both the mathematical understandings revealed in particular texts through problems, and the theoretical communications but the ways the Egyptian used mathematics. The author includes a section on the administrative usage of the Egyptian mathematics system for the government of their civilization. In chapter two, the Mesopotamian mathematics history is addressed, specifically on the various periods of mathematical advances in the region. The advances of the Uruk, Shuruppag, Nippur, and Umma civilizations of the third millennium BCE are explored as well as the old Babylonian period of the second millennium BCE. Kline, Morris. Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times. NY: Oxford University Press, 1972. Kline begins with a discussion of the origins of mathematics in general, detailing the development of number systems, arithmetic, algebra, and geometry in both Mesopotamia and Egypt. He argues that mathematics, as a discipline, did not exist before the ancient Greeks, but that the groundwork was set by earlier civilizations for their innovations relating to mathematics. Specifically, he provides the history of Mesopotamian and Egyptian mathematics as it is known from primary sources. He connects the rise of mathematics to the formation of agricultural civilizations, and to the Mesopotamians of the fertile Nile River valley. He points out the different connections between the political activities in the region and the resulting spread of mathematical knowledge across larger regions. Selin, Helaine and U. D’Ambrosio. Mathematics across Cultures: the History of Non-Western Mathematics. Boston: Kluver Academic, 2000. Extending the body of work compiled on the history of ancient mathematics, Selin’s many articles address the connections between mathematics and culture, the transmission of intellectual capital from East to West, and the individual mathematical achievements of many different ancient cultures. The mathematics of Mesopotamia is explored in an essay by author Eleanor Robson entitled â€Å"The Uses of Mathematics in Ancient Iraq: 6000-600 BC,† including both advances the culture made, and the impact that these advances had on their society. In other words, Robson analyzes both the knowledge the civilization obtained, as well as the many ways they put it to use within their society. In another relevant article by James Ritter entitled â€Å"Egyptian Mathematics,† Egyptian mathematics are discussed, including how it was used within different cultures and the modern interpretations of its meaning. Research Papers on The origination of Mathmatics in Ancient GreeceCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionMind TravelInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneGenetic Engineering

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art - Essay Example I am not sure if it is because the models are so lifelike or because I don’t have a particular interest in this type of art. I suspect that it is because I don’t have a particular interest. Art to me, is something that inspires imagination. Looking at a body, real or not to me is not inspirational. I actually thought that the piece was disgusting. X-radiology is particularly interesting as it allows the conservationist to see what issues exist and further develops a plan which allows for restoration without intrusion. Unlike the plastics, this too seems a method of art as well. Likewise as applied to the paintings. I think that the restoration of paintings is nothing short of genius. I would imagine that maintaining the integrity of each stroke must be a arduous task but somehow allows the restorer to place themselves into the seat of the original painter. I would love to read a piece by a painting restoration expert to see what their views are and if they find the experience to be

Design a Pay for Performance Incentive Awards Program Assignment

Design a Pay for Performance Incentive Awards Program - Assignment Example program that will run for five years within the organization seeks to maximize productivity besides developing an appropriate mindset among the employees. This way, the program is not only a short-term project but also a long-term motivational project. As discussed, the program will incorporate all the employees within the company including the top-level managers to the junior employees. In order to implement the program appropriately, the implementation will therefore vary depending on the employees. Just as the title suggests, the program seeks to reward productivity. Each level of employee has specific goals that the program will strive to achieve. In the top-level management for example, the program seeks to enhance creativity, intuition and management prowess. In middle level management, the program seeks to enhance both obedience and problem solving skills while in the junior employees of the organization the program seeks to enhance both competition and hard work. This way, the program enhances the overall productivity of the entire organization. Preliminarily, the program will ensure that all the employees within the organization are capable of undertaking their different roles. This complements the objective of the program since it seeks to reward productivity. The employees must therefore meet the qualifications set for their different roles a feature that ensures that they are capable of undertaking their roles within the organization. Furthermore, qualifications ensure that the employees are capable of meeting the obligations of their respective positions besides enhancing the ease of management. Top-level management must have appropriate qualifications. Managers make decisions daily operations within the organization through the formulation and implementation of policies. As such, they must have both the appropriate education and professional training to enable them make such appropriate decisions. The performance reward program will acknowledge the

Visual Literacy in Business Essay Example for Free

Visual Literacy in Business Essay Visual literacy is something that has been used for hundreds of years and it is something we use daily. We are going to explore the similarities between the text and how Brain Kennedy defines visual literacy; we will explore the way visual literacy has been considered a universal VISUAL LITERACY 2 language and examination how visual literacy has made an impact in communication and the way global understanding. The method of visual literacy is used to help with the learning process. In using visual  literacy someone will be able to see the use of shapes, color, images, dimension, textures and other visual aids. With the use and understanding of these features someone will be able to understand a visual sentence structure and to have the understanding is something that has been used for some time now. In the video that I watched, Brain Kennedy talked about visual literacy being â€Å"the ability to construct meaning from images. It’s not a skill; it uses skills as a toolbox. It is a form of critical thinking that enhances your intellectual capacity† (Kennedy, 2010). In the text it talks about visual literacy being â€Å"vision-related competencies a human being can develop by seeing, and at the same time, having and integrating other sensory experiences. [These competencies] enable a visually literate person to discriminate and interpret the visible actions, objects, and symbols that he [or she] encounters . . . to communicate with others . . . and comprehend and enjoy visual communication. † There are some differences between what Kennedy thinks and what the book talks about. Kennedy says that visual literacy is not a skill and our books talks about visual literacy being a developed skill. This allows people to communicate with one universal language and it can be used to help bridge the gap that is in different cultures. Currently numerous languages are coexisting. It’s important that we reevaluate the way that we communicate. We strive to find a way to communicate in one language and this is a way that it can be done. If we all spoke this universal language then is could be a way that could bring us closer together. VISUAL LITERACY 3 While both our text and Kennedy have different definitions, but they both agree that visual literacy should be in the forefront of learning. Imagery is a universal language and it can tell stories that everyone can recognize and understand. With visual literacy it is a way that the world can communicate in one consistent way. Images are universal. With visual literacy you are bale to interpret and make meaning from information in the form of an image. It is something that everyone can understand. While we were able to explore the difference between what the text and Mr. Kennedy thinks about visual literacy and how it is a universal language and we were able to look how it can impact communication and global understanding. This is an universal language and it is the hope that we will all be aware of it and use it daily. References: VISUAL LITERACY 4 Kennedy,B(2010, April17)VisualLiteracy:WhyWeNeedIt! [VideoFile] t=PL98A8EE15C60F9F29 Ryan, W. (2012). What Is Visual Literacy? In Learning to see: A guide to visual literacy. (p. 12). San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowes Minister without a Pulpit :: Harriet Beecher Stowe Minister Pulpit Essays

Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Minister without a Pulpit Harriet Beecher Stowe uses characterization and a tragic situation to portray the contrast of the bourgeois and the proletariat classes and the social movements within the class structure. The first character appearing in the story is a little girl whose mother has just died. The descriptions of her are vague, and the name of this child is not revealed until late in the story. Throughout the story, the little girl is referred to as â€Å" ‘ere,† â€Å"beautiful little girl of seven years,† â€Å"little girl,† â€Å"little one,† and â€Å"child.† Only when she is asked for her name do the readers learn that it is Eglantine Percival. Even after her name has been revealed, none of the characters use her name. This absence of a name indirectly reflects Eglantine’s position in society after her mother’s death. Stowe uses vague words like â€Å"child† to show the subordination of Eglantine as a result of Miss Asphyxia’s demands. Before Eglantine is taken in, she held a high status with her mother and brother Harry. Her mother dies, and her brother is taken away from her along with â€Å"money enough† to pay for her mother’s funeral. The loss of these material possessions must coincide with a loss of high status according to Karl Marx. Dropping from bourgeois, Eglantine falls into the proletariat status. She does not submit entirely to the social structure at first. In fact, she resents the work Miss Asphyxia demands of her saying that she â€Å"wants to play.† Eglantine still dreams of her previous leisurely lifestyle where she had no responsibilities, where flowers were beautiful, and where her mother â€Å"always brushed them [her curls] out everyday.† She refuses Miss Asphyxia’s authority on a few occasions, but her efforts end with her own tears and eventual obedience. As her possessions escape her, Eglantine becomes more and more submissive to Miss Asphyxia and more proletariat status-like. Contrasting Eglantine is her benefactor Miss Asphyxia. She is a working woman, older and stronger. Miss Asphyxia is a â€Å"working machine, always wound up and going.† She understood that â€Å"nature had made her†¦entirely for use.† She described herself having nothing but bone and muscle, purely with practical and efficient uses. The use of Miss Asphyxia’s name is quite interesting. The short story is unexpectedly named after her although it seems that Eglantine is the main character of the story. Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Minister without a Pulpit :: Harriet Beecher Stowe Minister Pulpit Essays Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Minister without a Pulpit Harriet Beecher Stowe uses characterization and a tragic situation to portray the contrast of the bourgeois and the proletariat classes and the social movements within the class structure. The first character appearing in the story is a little girl whose mother has just died. The descriptions of her are vague, and the name of this child is not revealed until late in the story. Throughout the story, the little girl is referred to as â€Å" ‘ere,† â€Å"beautiful little girl of seven years,† â€Å"little girl,† â€Å"little one,† and â€Å"child.† Only when she is asked for her name do the readers learn that it is Eglantine Percival. Even after her name has been revealed, none of the characters use her name. This absence of a name indirectly reflects Eglantine’s position in society after her mother’s death. Stowe uses vague words like â€Å"child† to show the subordination of Eglantine as a result of Miss Asphyxia’s demands. Before Eglantine is taken in, she held a high status with her mother and brother Harry. Her mother dies, and her brother is taken away from her along with â€Å"money enough† to pay for her mother’s funeral. The loss of these material possessions must coincide with a loss of high status according to Karl Marx. Dropping from bourgeois, Eglantine falls into the proletariat status. She does not submit entirely to the social structure at first. In fact, she resents the work Miss Asphyxia demands of her saying that she â€Å"wants to play.† Eglantine still dreams of her previous leisurely lifestyle where she had no responsibilities, where flowers were beautiful, and where her mother â€Å"always brushed them [her curls] out everyday.† She refuses Miss Asphyxia’s authority on a few occasions, but her efforts end with her own tears and eventual obedience. As her possessions escape her, Eglantine becomes more and more submissive to Miss Asphyxia and more proletariat status-like. Contrasting Eglantine is her benefactor Miss Asphyxia. She is a working woman, older and stronger. Miss Asphyxia is a â€Å"working machine, always wound up and going.† She understood that â€Å"nature had made her†¦entirely for use.† She described herself having nothing but bone and muscle, purely with practical and efficient uses. The use of Miss Asphyxia’s name is quite interesting. The short story is unexpectedly named after her although it seems that Eglantine is the main character of the story.